Microscopy-PAM 全世界第一台可以测量单细胞光合作用的荧光仪
Schreiber教授因发明PAM系列调制叶绿素荧光仪而获得首届国际光合作用协会（ISPR）创新奖

以通用控制单元PAM-Control为主机，连接显微镜，结合荧光配件，可以测量单个细胞或数个细胞的光合作用。 研究对象可以为浮游植物或叶绿体 研究自然水样中的浮游植物生理活性时，一般步骤是：首先分离纯化（多为显微镜下用毛细管挑藻），获得纯种细胞后扩大培养，然后研究其生理活性。这个过程至少需要2－3个月。而且有些在自然条件下经常发生水化/赤潮的微藻，分离后总是无法成功养活（特别是海洋甲藻）。 现在，只需取水样回来，在显微镜视野中找出您感兴趣的1个或几个细胞，就可检测它（们）的光合作用活性，省去了分离培养的步骤，大大节省了时间。对许多至今仍无法分离培养成功的藻类，也可研究其生理活性。

部分文献

1. Bulychev AA, Krupenina NA: Action potential opens access for the charged cofactor to the chloroplasts of Chara corallina cells Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 2008, 55(2):175-184. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

2. Villareal TA, McKay RML, Al-Rshaidat MMD, Boyanapalli R, Sherrella RM: Compositional and fluorescence characteristics of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus along a 3000 km transect (28°N) in the central North Pacific gyre Deep Sea Research 2007, 54(8):1273-1288. [MICROSCOPY-PAM, XE-PAM]

3. Sukenik A, Beardall J, Hadas Photosynthetic characterization of developing and mature akinetes of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanoprokaryota). Journal of Phycology 2007, 43(4):780-788. [Microscopy-PAM]

4. Schmitt-Jansen M, Altenburger R: The use of pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence-based methods to evaluate effects of herbicides in microalgal systems of different complexity Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 2007, 89(4):665-681. [PHYTO-PAM, WATER-PAM, MICROSCOPY-PAM]

5. Krupenina NA, Bulychev AA: Action potential in a plant cell lowers the light requirement for non-photochemical energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007, 1767(6):781-788. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

6. Kim KY, Jeong HJ, Main HP, Garbary DJ: Fluorescence and photosynthetic competency in single eggs and embryos of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 2006, 45(3):331-336. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

7. Bulychev AA, Kamzolkina NA: Effect of action potential on photosynthesis and spatially distributed H⁺ fluxes in cells and chloroplasts of Chara corallina Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 2006, 53(1):1-9. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

8. Ralph PJ, Larkum AWD, Kühl M: Temporal patterns in effective quantum yield of individual zooxanthellae expelled during bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2005, 316:17-28. [DIVING-PAM, MICROSCOPY-PAM]

9. Pikulenko MM, Bulychev AA: Light-triggered action potentials and changes in quantum efficiency of photosystem II in Anthoceros cells Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 2005, 52(5):584-590. [PAM-100, MICROSCOPY-PAM]

10. McMinn A, Hirawake T, Hamaoka T, Hattori H, Fukuchi M: Contribution of benthic microalgae to ice covered coastal ecosystems in northern Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 2005, 85:283-289. [WATER-PAM, MICROSCOPY-PAM]

11. Bulychev AA, van den Wijngaard PWJ, de Boer AH: Spatial coordination of chloroplast and plasma membrane activities in chara cells and its disruption through inactivation of 14-3-3 proteins. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2005, 70(1):55-61. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

12. Bulychev AA, Kamzolkina NA, Rubin AB: Effect of plasmalemma electrical excitation on photosystem II activity and nonphotochemical quenching in chloroplasts of cell domains in Chara corallina. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 2005, 401(1-6):127-130. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

13. Bulychev A, Wijngaard P, Boer A: Spatial coordination of chloroplast and plasma membrane activities in chara cells and its disruption through inactivation of 14-3-3 proteins Biochemistry (Moscow) 2005, 70(1):55-61. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

14. Villareal TA: Single-cell pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence measurements of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 2004, 40:1052-1061. [MICROSCOPY-PAM, XE-PAM]

15. McMinn A, Hegseth EN: Quantum yield and photosynthetic parameters of marine microalgae from the southern Arctic Ocean, Svalbard. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2004, 84:865-871. [WATER-PAM, MICROSCOPY-PAM]

16. Villareal TA, Morton SL: Use of cell-specific PAR-fluorometry to characterize host shading in the epiphytic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Marine Ecology 2002, 23:127-140. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

17. Goh C-H, Hedrich R, Nam HG: Evidence for the functional organization of chloroplasts in adaxial guard cells of Vicia faba leaves by single cell analysis. Plant Science 2002, 162:965-972. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

18. Goh C-H, Dietrich P, Steinmeyer R, Schreiber U, Nam H-G, Hedrich R: Parallel recordings of photosynthetic electron transport and K⁺-channel activity in single guard cells The Plant Journal 2002, 32(4):623-630. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

19. Szyroki A, Ivashikina N, Dietrich P, Roelfsema MRG, Ache P, Reintanz B, Deeken R, Godde M, Felle H, Steinmeyer R et al: KAT1 is not essential for stomatal opening. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(5):2917-2921. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

20. Ralph PJ, Gademann R, Larkum AWD: Zooxanthellae expelled from bleached corals at 33℃ are photosynthetically competent. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2001, 220:163-168. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

21. Goh C-H, Hedrich R, Schreiber U: Osmotic stress induces inactivation of photosynthesis in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia leaves Plant Cell and Physiology 2001, 42(10):1186-1191. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

22. Snel JFH, Dassen HHA: Measurement of light and pH dependence of single-cell photosynthesis by fluorescence microscopy. Journal of Fluorescence 2000, 10:269-273. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

23. Goh CH, Schreiber U, Hedrich R: New approach of monitoring changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence of single guard cells and protoplasts in response to physiological stimuli Plant Cell and Environment 1999, 22(9):1057-1070. [MICROSCOPY-PAM]

24. Schreiber U: Chlorophyll fluorescence: new instruments for special applications. In: Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects. Edited by Garab G, vol. V. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.

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