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全球生物安全顶级实验室盘点
2014-08-15 15:03:17 来源:科学网近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾生物安全4级实验室，生物安全实验室共分4级（Biosafety Level 1-4）， 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，这个P可不是个屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Protection（保护）。说生物安全4级实验室是生物安全顶级实验室，不仅仅是指生物安全方面是顶级的，最高的，其造价也是最贵的，因此，数量很少，即使是在全球范围内，生物安全4级实验室也只有56个，这还包括一些正在建设中的（参见附表）。
从附表可以看出，我国唯一的一个P4实验室，位于中科院武汉病毒所。仅仅这一个独苗，目前尚且没有建成，俗话说“十年磨一剑”，但是这个“剑”已经磨了11年目前还不知何时才能正式磨成。根据《第一财经日报》的报道，“这个中国第一个也是唯一一个P4实验室，前期基础建设投入约2亿。……武汉P4实验室目前还没有建成，硬件和软件方面都需要推进。如果顺利的话，到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果，但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。”现在的埃博拉疫情相信会推动该实验室的建设速度。从报道和上表的内容可以看出，我国目前尚没有独立设计、建设P4实验室的能力，核心技术采用的是法国的。
值得一提的是，我国目前人口全球第一、GDP和研发经费全球第二，但是居然连一个已经建成使用的P4实验室都没有，应该说这在国际上都是很…、说不过去的事情，穷如非洲的加蓬都有一个（当然这个也是由法国援建和参与管理的），连经济和总体科技水平都不如中国的印度都有4个P4实验室，即使是被许多人贬弹丸之地的中国台湾都有2个P4实验室，当然虽然我们都政治正确地说是中国台湾，人家的两个实验室其实和中国大陆没有半毛钱关系，自己根本用不上。
需要说明的是， 除了埃博拉病毒必须要在P4实验室操作外，还有其他一些高致病性病毒，如马尔堡病毒，拉萨（Lassa）病毒， 克里米亚- 刚果出血热病毒， 玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒以及其它出血热病毒等。
附表：
（表中内容参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 ）
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序号
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名 字
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位 置
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建设时间
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说 明
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1
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Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health
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Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains
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|
|
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2
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Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)
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Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea
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2013
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|
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3
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University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women‘s Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)
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Australia, Queensland, Herston
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|
|
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4
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Australian Animal Health Laboratory
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Australia, Victoria, Geelong
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|
|
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5
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National High Security Laboratory
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Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne
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|
National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
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6
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Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology
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Belarus, Minsk
|
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Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
|
|
7
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National Microbiology Laboratory
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Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg
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|
Located
at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is
jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian
Food Inspection Agency.
|
|
8
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Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
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China, Hubei, Wuhan
|
2003
|
Wuhan
Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct
BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the
original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the
first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.
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9
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Biological Defense Center
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Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín
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1971, rebuilt 2003-2007
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Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13]
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|
10
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Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux
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France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon
|
######
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Jean
Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and
INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level
4.
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11
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Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville
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Gabon
|
|
This
facility is operated by a research organization supported by both
Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa‘s only P4
lab (BSL-4).
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|
12
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Robert Koch Institute
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Germany, Berlin
|
|
The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.
|
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13
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Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
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Germany, Hamburg
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|
|
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14
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Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems
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Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)
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2010
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Deals especially with virology
|
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15
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Philipps University of Marburg
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Germany, Marburg
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2008
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The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
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16
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High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)
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India, Bhopal
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1998
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This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.
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17
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Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
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India, Hyderabad
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2009
|
National
Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases
& Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine.
|
|
18
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All India Institute of Medical Sciences
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India, New Delhi
|
1993
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Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.
|
|
19
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Microbial Containment Complex
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India, Pune
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2012
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Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology
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|
20
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Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco
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Italy, Lombardy, Milan
|
|
A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons.
|
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21
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Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive
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Italy, Lazio, Rome
|
|
This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.
|
|
22
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National Institute for Infectious Diseases
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Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama
|
|
Located
at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology
I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is
limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from
local residents and communities.
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23
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Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
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Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba
|
|
This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
|
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24
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Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
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Netherlands, Bilthoven
|
2009
|
|
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25
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Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)
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Romania, Bucharest
|
|
|
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26
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"Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital
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Romania, Bucharest
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|
|
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27
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State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR
|
Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo
|
|
It
is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.
The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
|
|
28
|
National Institute for Communicable Diseases
|
South Africa, Johannesburg
|
|
National
Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one
of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on
the continent.
|
|
29
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Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control
|
Sweden, Solna
|
|
Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia‘s P4 facility.
|
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30
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University Hospital of Geneva
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
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31
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Spiez Laboratory
|
Switzerland, Spiez
|
|
|
|
32
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Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control
|
Taiwan
|
|
Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
|
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33
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Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense
|
Taiwan
|
|
|
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34
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Health Protection Agency‘s Centre for Infections
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United Kingdom, Colindale
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Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
|
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35
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National Institute for Medical Research
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United Kingdom, London
|
|
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36
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Institute for Animal Health
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United Kingdom, Pirbright
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|
|
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37
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Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory
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United Kingdom, Compton
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|
|
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38
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Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
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United Kingdom, Porton Down
|
|
|
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39
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Health Protection Agency
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United Kingdom, Porton Down
|
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Special Pathogens Reference Unit.
|
|
40
|
Health Protection Agency
|
United Kingdom, Porton Down
|
|
Botulism.
|
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41
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Francis Crick Institute[22]
|
United Kingdom, London
|
|
Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
|
|
42
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
|
United States, Georgia, Atlanta
|
|
Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.
|
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43
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Georgia State University
|
United States, Georgia, Atlanta
|
|
Is an older design "glovebox" facility.
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44
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National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University
|
United States, Kansas, Manhattan
|
|
Under
construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland
Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is
not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely
delayed.
|
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45
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National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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United States, Maryland, Bethesda
|
|
Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
|
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46
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Integrated Research Facility
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United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick
|
|
Under
construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin
operating at 2009 at the earliest.
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47
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National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)
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United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick
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Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
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48
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US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
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United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick
|
1969
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Old building
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49
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US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
|
United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick
|
2017?
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New building, currently under construction
|
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50
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National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University
|
United States, Massachusetts, Boston
|
|
Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.
|
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51
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NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories
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